Põllumassiivide identifitseerimissüsteemi kontseptuaalne mudel: geoinfo huvigruppi kontseptuaalse mudeli loomine

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Käesolevas doktoritöös käsitletakse Põllumassiivide identifitseerimissüsteemi (Land Parcel Identification System, LPIS) Kontseptuaalse Mudeli (LPIS Conceptual Model, LCM) loomist ja selle kasutamist ruumiandmete standardiseerimisel, kvaliteedi hindamisel ja koostoimimisel teiste valdkondade ruumiandmetega. Mudelis käsitletud ruumiandmeid kasutatakse põllumajandustoetuste haldamise ja kontrolli eesmärgil ELi Ühise Põllumajanduspoliitika (ÜPP) raames. ÜPP raames makstavate toetuste haldamiseks on igas EL liikmesriigis asutatud Ühtne haldus-ja kontrollisüsteem (Eestis Põllumajandusregistrite amet, PRIA), mille ruumiandmeid haldav komponent on põllumassiivide register ehk identifitseerimissüsteem. Nõue kaardistada ja registreerida toetuskõlbulik maa on viinud olukorrani, kus põllumajandussektoris on tekkinud suur hulk ruumiandmeid. Viimase aastakümne jooksul on kasvanud ÜPP-ga seotud geoinformaatika sektor Euroopas. ÜPP-ga seotud geoinfo huvigrupp (Spatial Data Interest Community) hõlmab nii andmete tootjaid, haldajaid ja kasutajaid, kui ka IT rakenduste arendajaid ning kaugseire andmete tarnijaid. Vajadus hinnata registrite kvaliteeti ja selle vastavust EL määrustele ning tagada koostalitlusvõime keskkonnaalaseid nõudeid toetavate ruumiandmete ja süsteemidega, kutsus esile LCM-i loomise. Töö eesmärgiks oli edendada kontseptuaalmodelleerimist põlluregistrite ruumiandmete kvaliteedi hindamisel ja teiste geoinfo (eelkõige keskkonnakaitse) valdkondadega koostalitlusvõime arendamisel. LCM väljatöötamise metodoloogia aluseks oli ISO19100 seeria rahvusvaheliste standardite metoodika, mida samuti rakendavad ja laiendavad INSPIRE direktiivi printsiibid ja millele keskendutakse uurimistöö teoreetilises osas. Mudeli peamiseks sisendiks said ÜPP-d reguleeritavates määrustes sätestatud kontseptsioonide põhjalik käsitlus ja olemasolevate töötavate süsteemide analüüs, mis põhineb LPIS küsitluste tulemustel (Milenov ja Kay, 2006; Zieliński ja Sagris, 2008 ja 2009) ja hõlmab erinevate liikmesriikide põlluregistreid. Väitekirjas on keskendutud ÜPP otsetoetuste ärimudeli analüüsile ehk ÜPP toetustesüsteemi põhikontseptsioonidele, tehtud kokkuvõtted ja järeldused 2006. ja 2008. aasta küsimustikust. Küsimustikust saadut info laiendati EL põlluregistrite kvaliteedi hindamise programmi raames. LCM esimese versiooni keskmes on kaks klassi: ReferenceParcel ehk põllumassiiv ja AgriculturalParcel ehk toetustaotluses deklareeritud põld. ReferenceParcel-i klassi ülesandeks on toetuskõlbliku põllumaa identifitseerimine, lokaliseerimine ja pindala määramine. ReferenceParcel täidab „konteineri“ rolli deklareeritavate maatükkide suhtes. Kuid käsitletud põllumassiiviklassi alamtüüpe ning analüüsitud erinevaid põllumajanduslikke maakatte klassifitseerimise ja kaardistamise lähenemisviise EL liikmesriikides. Töö teisel etapil on otsitud võimalusi kahe mudeli – LCM ja Maakatastri infosüsteemi mudeli (Land Administration Domain Model, LADM, ISO 19152) – lõimiseks. Kaks mudelit on omavahel integreeritud uue ruumilise klassi SubCadParsel abil – katastriüksuse sees eristuvad maakatte tüübi alamüksused. Käsitletakse ka mõlema mudeli semantiliselt sarnaseid haldusklasse ja tehakse kindlaks uued seosed kahe mudeliklassi vahel. Ära on toodud põhjalik analüüs, millistes reaalse elu tingimustes võiks toimida kahe mudeli integreerimine. LCM viimane versioon keskendub kahele aspektile: (i) nende klasside modelleerimisele, mis toetavad vastavust keskkonna, tervise ja loomade heaolu majandamisnõuetele ning mis toetavad maa heade põllumajandus- ja keskkonnatingimuste kontrolli; (ii) mudeli kasutamisele põlluregistrite loogilise õigsuse (ehk EL määruste nõuetele vastavuse) testimiseks. Selleks on välja töötatud ISO19105 standardil põhinev testide kogum (Abstract Tests Suite, ATS), mis võimaldab kaardistada olemasolevaid LPIS registreid vastavalt LCM skeemile. ATS töötati välja ja testiti koostöös mitmete EL liikmesriikidega ja selle metodoloogia on osa Euroopa komisjoni poolt kehtestatud LPIS kvaliteedi tagamise raamprogrammist alates 2010. aastast. LCM-i kasutati ka LPIS testimise portaali prototüübi loomisel, mis koondas enda alla OGC ühilduvaid veebiteenuseid. Nende eesmärgiks on võimaldada andmevahetust rahvuslike põlluregistrite ja auditeerijatega Euroopa komisjonist. Eelvalitud põllumassiivide geograafiliste kihtide temaatilist ja positsioonilist õigsust kontrolliti liikmesriikide ekspertide poolt kõrge resolutsiooniga kaugseire andmete taustal. Selleks et võimaldata auditeerijate juurdepääsu kvaliteedikontrolli tulemustele, loodi kolm prototüüp-veebiteenust, kus kasutati LCM-i originaalandmete transformeerimiseks. Edasised uuringud kontsentreeruvad erinevate Euroopa põllumajandussüsteemide kajastamisele põlluregistite andmetes ja nende andmete kasutamise võimalustele põllumajanduspoliitika keskkonnamõju hindamisel. LPIS/IACS põhikontseptsioonid vaadatakse uuesti läbi, nüüd juba mõjuhindamise ja indikaatorite väljatöötamise kontekstis. Teoreetilist arutlust illustreerib kõrge loodusväärtusega põllumajandusmaa (KLV) indikaatorite väljatöötamise näide Jõgevamaal – põlluregistrist saadud detailiderohked andmed lubavad arvutada nii maastiku meetrika kui ka põllumajandusintensiivsuse indikaatoreid, seejuures tüpiseerides põllumajandussüsteemide erinevaid aspekte. Seega, LCM toetab geograafiliste andmete harmoniseerimist ja koostalitusvõimet mitmel moel: (i) pakkudes valdkonna siseselt andmete ühiselt mõistetavat tehnilist lugemist, nii mudeli vastavusetesti (ATS) kui ka veebiteenuste kaudu transformeerimisel; (ii) võimaldades semantilise vastavuse leidmist ja andmete/süsteemide integreerimist erinevate geoinfo valdkondade vahel. Loodud ja arendatud esialgselt Euroopa komisjoni LPIS kvaliteedisüsteemi vajadusi silmas pidades, võimaldab LCM erinevate liikmesriikide põllumajandusregistrite andmete ühiselt mõistetavat lugemist ka teistes valdkondades. LCM on lisatud kasutusjuhtumina rahvusvahelise standardi ISO 19152 ’Land Administration Domain Model’ lisasse H ja INSPIRE DS2.8 Land Cover rakenduseeskirja lisasse B2.This dissertation presents the development of the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) Conceptual Model (LCM) for the administration and control of agricultural subsidies of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The subsidies which European farmers receive in the frame of the CAP are administered through the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) that are established and run by the EU member states. IACS includes a Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) as its spatial component. The requirement to map and record land eligible for payments has led to the situation where the agricultural sector has acquired a large amount of geographic data; the geospatial community of data producers, custodians and users has grown during the last decades. The need to assess the quality and consistency of the LPIS towards the EU regulators as well as to ensure systems’ interoperability as it is required for compliance with environmental legislation, call for harmonisation efforts. In the view of this, an LPIS Conceptual Model (LCM) was developed. The objective of the study was to introduce the modeling framework of ISO 19100 series for advance of quality of geospatial data in the LPIS domain and of interoperability with other geospatial domains. The LCM was generated by means of both (i) methodological approaches of International Standards of ISO 19100 series, further extended by the INSPIRE principles, and (ii) reverse engineering of existing operational LPIS systems. The latter is based on the results of two LPIS surveys covering different national implementations. Business analysis of the relevant EU regulations and the LPIS surveys led to the first-cut LCM. Model’s core classes – reference and agricultural parcels – cover process of land registration for administration of agricultural subsidies, agri-environmental measures of rural development and environmental restriction. Agricultural and reference parcels of the model build the framework for recording land cover and land use. Further model refinement addressed the quality aspects of the geographical databases: the LCM became naturally a part of the LPIS Quality Assurance programme between the European Commission and EU countries. The LCM was used (i) for conformance assessment of national systems and (ii) for implementation of the LPIS Test Bed portal: set of OGC compliant Web services allowing for agricultural data transformation from national data schemas to the common model as well as transferring, checking and storing spatial and non-spatial observations from the quality inspection. The study case for interoperability with cadastral domain looked for possibilities of the collaboration of two models – the LCM and the Land Administration Domain Model (became ISO19152 LADM). Owner’s rights, restrictions and responsibilities arising from land ownership in the cadastral domain have many similarities, but also differences with agricultural practice. The collaboration model established via newly introduced spatial class, also the semantic similarity of administrative classes of both models were analysed in details. Further studies include a representation of different European agricultural systems in LPIS and potentials of using LPIS data in the environmental impact assessment of the agricultural policy. Different types of land parcel proposed by the thesis and ways of integration with data from environmental domain viewed in context of the development of agri-environmental indicators. Developed firstly for the needs of LPIS Quality Assurance Framework of the European Commission, the LCM also became a part of the International Standard ISO19152 – Land Administration Domain Model (Annex H: use case in agriculture) and INSPIRE DS2.8 Land Cover specification (Annex B2: use case in agriculture)

Summary Results of the LPIS Survey 2008

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview on the most interesting findings during analysis of the questionnaire. This questionnaire was organized in the framework of workshop ¿LPIS application and quality¿ which took place in Sofia (Bulgaria), 17-18 September 2008. It is a continuation of our efforts on gathering information about the current status of LPIS systems in the EU. The previous questionnaire was organized in 2006 and was mainly focused on issues of the sources of information, on the methodological approaches in use for the LPIS update with particular attention on the compliance of the LPIS in respect to the 75%/90% rule. The questionnaire of 2008 continues to look for LPIS update techniques, trying to identify what is new. But in comparison to the questionnaire of 2006, this year higher attention was given to thematic consistency of geographic data sets stored in LPIS. The EU regulations call for an as-precise-as-possible quantification of the area which is eligible for direct payments. Therefore, a logical organisation of the geographic data and thematic content (e.g classification of land use/land cover) should provide for a maximum reflection of concepts, which laid down in the Regulation. In order to keep the survey short and provide space for new questions we skipped the topics concerning LPIS initial creation, data dissemination/integration and Web issues.JRC.G.3-Monitoring agricultural resource

Development Scenarios for Eastern European Cities and Regions in the New Europe

In this paper we focus on urban growth dynamics of Eastern European cities and regions in the past and in the new Europe. This work is a part of on-going research in the field of urban and regional development, carried out in Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. Eastern European cities experienced similar and very turbulent historical and political development during 20th century. The policies during the communist period with planned economy has clearly reflected in the land use pattern development, e.g. the absence of large suburbs and underdeveloped transport networks around cities. In contrast to other European cities, no or very few commercial zones and commercial centres were built in suburban areas. In addition, satellite cities were built only on a limited scale. With the collapse of communist regimes cities and regions in Eastern Europe have entered into a new phase of urbanisation, which changes dramatically land use patterns. The liberalization of economy and the membership of the EU has led to the growing involvement to the European market and EU development schemes (e.g. TEN/T, ERDF, etc.). In spite of the expected decrease of population in the new EU countries the average gross domestic product is projected to triple and the number of households per capita is projected to double between 2000 and 2030 (EEA, 2005¬/4). Among the consequences of socio-economic development the continuous growth of urban areas can be foreseen. What shapes urban sprawl will take and will it cause new threads to sustainability remains to be seen. In this paper we focus on two study cases (1) the Dresden – Prague transport corridor in Germany and in the Czech Republic (Barredo et al, 2005) and (2) the Harjumaa region and the city of Tallinn in Estonia. The objective of this work is to test the impact of diverse economic development trends on urbanisation processes. Several development scenarios are produced in order to model the spatial pattern of urban land use. The MOLAND urban and regional growth simulation model (Lavalle et al, 2004), based on “cellular automata†(CA), is a key instrument in the forecasting land use development. The model operates at two levels. At the micro- level, the CA-based model determines the fate of individual land use cells based on the type of the activities in their neighbourhood. At the macro- level, various additional factors such as overall land use demand, effects of the transportation network as well as legislative, environmental and institutional characteristics (e.g. environmental protection, zoning) constrain the behaviour of the CA-model. This approach allowed us to integrate “physicalâ€, environmental, socio-economic development as well as institutional aspect of territorial development. The scenarios offer a useful approach to analysing and understanding urban land use dynamics and can also serve for landscape management at the local and regional scales, complementing existing policies and programmes. In both study cases we evaluate the impact newly developed motorways’ supported by EU Structural Funds. Very important feature of Dresden-Prague corridor is the extreme flood events in 2002. The increasing vulnerability to natural hazards due to rapid urban development in flood-prone area is also discussed in the paper.

Representing future urban and regional scenarios for flood hazard mitigation

In this paper we analyse urban and regional growth trends by using dynamic spatial models. The objective of this approach is twofold: on the one hand to monitor sustainable development trends and on the other hand to assess flood risk in urban areas. We propose the use of future urban scenarios in order to forecast the effects of urban and regional planning policies. In the last 20 years the extent of built-up areas in Europe has increased by 20%, exceeding clearly the 6% rate of population growth over the same period. This trend contributes to unsustainable development patterns, and moreover, the exposure to natural hazards is increasing in large regions of Europe. The paper is organised in two parts. In the first part we analyse a study case in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region in northern Italy. We analyse several spatial indicators in the form of maps describing population growth and patterns, and the historical growth of built-up areas. Then we show the results of a dynamic spatial model for simulating land use scenarios. The model is based on a spatial dynamics bottom-up approach, and can be defined as a cellular automata (CA)-based model. Future urban scenarios are produced by taking into account several factors –e.g. land use development, population growth or spatial planning policies–. Urban simulations offer a useful approach to understanding the consequences of current spatial planning policies. Inappropriate regional and urban planning can exacerbate the negative effects of extreme hydrological processes. Good land management and planning practices, including appropriate land use and development control in flood-prone areas, represent suitable non-structural solutions to minimise flood damages. The overall effects of these measures in terms of both sustainable development and flood defence can be quantified with the proposed modelling approach. In the second part of the paper we show some preliminary results of a pilot study case. Two future simulations produced by the model were used for a flood risk assessment in Pordenone (one of the four provinces of FVG). In the last 100 years Pordenone has suffered several floods. The two major events were the heavy floods of 1966 (100-year flood event; >500 mm of rain in 36 hours) and 2002 (up to 580 mm of rain in 36 hours). The disastrous consequences of those heavy floods have shown how vulnerable this area is. The flood risk analysis is based on a hydrological hazard map for the Livenza River catchment area, provided by the regional Water Authority. That map covers most of flood hazard areas of Pordenone province. Early results of this study show that the main driving force of natural disasters damage is not only increasing flood hazard, but increasing vulnerability, mainly due to urbanisation in flood prone areas.

Towards urban un-sustainability in Europe? An indicator-based analysis

In this article we analyse the relationship between urban land use development and population density in fifteen European urban areas. In the last 20 years the extent of built-up areas in Europe has increased by 20%, exceeding clearly the 6% rate of population growth over the same period. This is one of the consequences of unsustainable development patterns in large areas of Europe. In order to illustrate such unsustainable process we show five sets of indicators on built-up areas, residential land use, land taken by urban expansion, population density and how the population takes up the built-up space.The results show that analysing urban land use development necessitates the use of complementary indicators. The built-up areas have grown considerably in a sample of 15 European cities. The most rapid growth dates back to 1950s and 1960s. The annual growth pace has slowed down in the 1990s to 0.75 %. In half of the studied cities over 90% of all new housing areas built after the mid-1950s are discontinuous urban developments. This trend is increasing the use of private car and fragmentation of natural areas among others negative effects. When putting these findings into the context of stable or decreasing urban population, it is clear that the structure of most of European cities has become less compact, which demonstrates a de-centralisation process of urban land uses. We close by discussing on one hand the common urban land use and population density trends and on the other hand differences between the studied cities. Although most studied urban areas have experienced dispersed growth, as a result of the analysis we divide the cities in three groups: - compact cities,- cities with looser structures and lower densities,- and cities in the midway between the extremes.

Towards an Integrated Assessment of Climate Change-Induced Sea-Level Rise in the Baltic Sea: An Example for the City of Pärnu (Estonia)

In this report we address the topic of integrated assessment of climate change impacts in the Baltic Sea area and estimation of their possible negative effects on the city of Pärnu (Estonia). Pärnu is a health resort and port located on the coast of Pärnu Bay. The considerably low elevation (about 10 metres above sea-level) makes Pärnu city extremely vulnerable to flood events. Several issues are covered in order to give a complete picture about the driving forces and processes involved. The outputs of regional climate models and sea level rise scenarios used in order to estimate magnitude and extend of climate change effects in the future. The application of cellular automata (CA) -based spatial modeling tool –MOLAND- made use to estimate what structural impact climate change might have in regards to local development alternatives. It may be feasible for studies of local adaptation in order to estimate the feedback of mitigation policies over planning horizon of several decades.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

LPIS Workshop: 'LPIS applications and quality', Sofia (Bulgaria), 17-18 September, 2008

This report contains overview of annual workshop on Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) which took place in Sofia (Bulgaria), 17-18th of September, 2008. The workshop is targeted the technological responsible persons from the member state administrations. This year workshop ¿LPIS applications and quality¿ aimed to identify and discuss the key technological issues and examples of solutions that are relevant for operating a LPIS in the environment of administration and control system for direct payments to the European farmers in the framework of the CAP. The topics covered during the workshop included: geomatics aspects of the LPIS; data quality issues with a focus on quality management and quality policy; interaction of LPIS applications with control process and monitoring of the rural development measures; country status reports, in particular focusing on ¿lessons learnt¿ during completion of LPIS in Bulgaria and Romania as well as pilot project of LPIS creation in Croatia.JRC.G.3-Agricultur

Towards an Integrated Scenario Approach for Spatial Planning and Natural Hazards Mitigation

In the frame of the support to the conception, definition and implementation of European policies, the Land Management Unit of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability (Directorate General Joint Research Centre (DG-JRC) of the European Commission (EC)) is developing an integrated framework to evaluate and propose strategies for the sustainable management of the European territory. An important tool within this framework is the MOLAND (Monitoring Land Use/Cover Dynamics) model for urban and regional growth forecast. The model is part of an integrated methodology based on a set of spatial planning tools that can be used for assessing, monitoring and modelling the development of urban and regional environments. The MOLAND model has been specifically designed for urban and regional development assessment. It is based on a spatial dynamics bottom-up approach. The model takes as input several georeferenced datasets for the future simulation of urban areas and/or regions. Thus, future urban scenarios can be produced by taking into account land use development trends, population growth, socio-economic factors and spatial planning policies. Urban simulations offer a useful approach to understanding the consequences of current spatial planning policies. Among other causes the analysis of urban areas and their development has particular relevance because of their growing exposure to natural hazards, particularly floods and forest fires. Inappropriate regional and urban planning can exacerbate the negative effects of natural hazards. On the other hand, good land management and planning practices, including appropriate land use and development control in flood-prone areas, represent suitable non-structural solutions to minimise flood damage. The effects of urban and regional development on flood risk should be evaluated to support both flood protection and spatial planning policies. This work supports policies such as the 6th Environment Action Program (Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment; Thematic Strategy on Soil Protection), the forthcoming Floods Directive “Reducing the risks of floods in Europe”, the ESPON (European Spatial Planning Observation Network) programme, and the growing awareness at local level amongst spatial policy-makers of the close connections between world-wide land degradation and global change, as underpinned by the European Climate Change Programme. The new regulations for renewed Structural Funds and instruments for the period 2007-2013, adopted by the EC on 14 July 2004, foresee specific measures for “developing plans and measures to prevent and cope with natural risks”.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

The future climate regions in Estonia

It can be assumed that future climate changes may have diverse impact on different parts of Estonia. For the regionalization of climate change impacts we used outputs of the EURO-CORDEX climate model ensemble and added its relative changes for temperature and precipitation to the values of the model’s reference period 1971–2000. In order to reduce the ambiguity of spatially detailed outputs, the clusters of future climate variables for seasons were produced. We conclude that three climatic regions – the mainland, the coast and the western Estonian islands – will most likely persist in the future climate. Major regional changes may occur at the end of the 21st century according to the pessimistic scenario of Representative Concentration Pathways RCP8.5. In the rest of the cases, although the boundaries of regions may shift, the warming as well as the increase in precipitation will mainly occur within the regions. Partially this will result in the growth of contrasts between regions

Data Model for the Collaboration between Land Administration Systems and Agricultural Land Parcel Identification Systems

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) has dramatically changed after 1992, and from then on forward the CAP focussed on the management of direct income subsidies instead of production-based subsidies. For this purpose, Member States (MS) are expected to establish Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), including a Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) as the spatial part of IACS. Different MS have chosen different solutions for their LPIS. Currently, some MS based their IACS/LPIS on data from their Land Administration Systems (LAS), and many others use purpose built special systems for their IACS/LPIS. The issue with different IACS/LPIS is that they do not have standardized structures; rather, each represents a unique design in each MS, both in the case of LAS or special systems. In this study, we aim at designing a core data model for those IACS/LPIS based on LAS. For this purpose, we make use of the ongoing standardization initiatives for LAS (Land Administration Domain Model: LADM) and IACS/LPIS (LPIS Core Model: LCM). The data model we propose in this study implies the collaboration between LADM and LCM and includes some extensions. Some basic issues with the collaboration model are discussed within this study: registration of farmers, land use rights and farming limitations, geometry/topology, temporal data management etc. For further explanation of the model structure, sample instance level diagrams illustrating some typical situations are included. Key words: CAP, Rural Land Administration, IACS/LPIS, LADM, LCM, Standardization.JRC.H.4-Monitoring Agricultural Resource